NIRISS GR150 Grisms

The JWST NIRISS GR150C and GR150R grisms produce spectra for wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.2 μm with a resolving power in first order of R ≈ 150. They are used with blocking filters to enable wide field slitless spectroscopy (WFSS).

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See also:: NIRISS Wide Field Sliltess Spectroscopy, NIRISS Filters

The NIRISS GR150C and GR150R grisms produce spectra of essentially all objects in the field of view with a resolving power of of R ≡ λ/Δλ ≈ 150 over the wavelength range between 0.8 and 2.2 μm. When used with a blocking filter, these grisms enable the WFSS mode of NIRISS. Figure 1 shows the GR150R grism before it was mounted in the filter wheel.

Figure 1. The NIRISS GR150R grism

NIRISS GR150R grism

A photo of the GR150R grism of NIRISS in its mounting. The grism is tilted in its mounting by 2° to deflect ghost images. The ruled side of the optical element is "up" in this view.  © Honeywell


Properties

See also: NIRISS Sensitivity, NIRISS Bright Limits

The GR150C and GR150R are identical optical elements though in-flight characterization during commissioning revealed different throughputs between the grisms. Their physical properties are summarized in Table 1, and leads to the following optical performance characteristics:

  • Dispersion: The wavelength dispersion changes as a function of detector position and is linear for the first and second orders. In the center of the detector, the dispersion is 47.015 ± 0.017 Å/pix for GR150C and 46.934 ±0.009 Å/pix for GR150R for the first order. For the second order, the dispersion is 23.864 ± 0.004 Å/pix for GR150C and 23.859 ± 0.003 Å/pix for GR150R in the center of the detector (Pacifici 2022). The field dependence in the dispersion solution is calibrated in the "specwcs" reference file.

  • Resolving power: The NIRISS point spread function is undersampled at the wavelengths covered by the GR150 grisms. Consequently, the resolving power for a point source is defined by the wavelength increment over 2 pixels, which is ~0.0094 μm at the center of the field. As shown in Figure 2, the resolving power is directly proportional to wavelength. Under many circumstances, the resolving power will actually be dictated by the angular size and geometry of the astronomical source.

  • Throughput: Figure 3 shows the effective throughputs for the 1st and 2nd order of the GR150 grisms as measured from in-flight data. The photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (PCE) accounts for the throughput of the grism, throughput of the JWST and NIRISS internal optics, and detector quantum efficiency. The data for the PCE curves are available in these attached files for the GR150C grism and GR150R grism. GR150C has increased throughput in the 1st order compared with GR150R by an average value of 3% over the WFSS wavelength range (0.8–2.2 µm) and may thus be preferred by observers when using only one grism for an observing program.


Table 1.  Physical properties of the NIRISS GR150 grisms

 Property


Substrate material

Infrasil 301

Prism angle

1.5º

Diameter of ruled area

43 mm

Groove density

11.21 grooves/mm

Blaze angle

1.5º

Blaze wavelength

1.3 μm

Resolution element 
(2 pixels, measured at center of field)

0.0094 μm

Figure 2.  The resolving power of the GR150 grisms


For observations of point sources, the resolving power of the GR150 grisms depends on the wavelengths that are isolated by the blocking filter. The solid point indicates R ≈ 150 @ 1.4 μm.
Figure 3.  Effective throughput curves for the 1st (m = +1) and 2nd (m = +2) orders of the GR150 grisms

 

Click on the figures for a larger view.

Effective throughput of the 1st (m = +1) and 2nd (m = +2) orders of the GR150C grism (top) and GR150R grism (bottom) as a function of wavelength, measured from in-flight commissioning data. Note that the GR150C grism has higher throughput in the 1st order.


Dispersion Direction

See also: NIRISS Detector ReadoutJWST Instrument Ideal Coordinate Systems

Although the properties of the GR150C and GR150R grisms are identical, they are mounted in the filter wheel so that the spectra they produce are dispersed in orthogonal directions on the detector; see Figure 4. In the coordinate system used by the JWST calibration pipeline, the GR150C grism disperses in the "slow" direction of detector readout, while the GR150R grism disperses in the "fast" readout direction. This geometry is indicated in Figure 5. Access to spectra obtained in both directions helps to combat problems with blending, especially in crowded fields; and maximizes the chance that a "clean" spectrum can be extracted from the data.

Figure 4. The GR150C and GR150R grisms disperse in orthogonal directions on the detector

The figure shows a superposition of 3 images obtained during Integrated Science Instrument Model (ISIM) tests at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to show the relative locations of a source in a direct image through the F200W filter (red circle) and the bright first order (m = +1) spectra produced by the GR150R (vertical trace) and GR150C grisms (horizontal trace) in combination with the F200W filter. The angle between the traces is 89.60° ± 0.07°. The point-like 0th order spectra (blue circles) and the m = −1 spectra are also visible in the dispersed images.
Figure 5. Direction of dispersion for the GR150 grisms

Schematic diagram to indicate the direction of dispersion for spectra produced by the GR150C and GR150R grisms in the coordinate system used by the calibration pipeline.


Blocking filters

See also: NIRISS Filters

The GR150 grisms are used with a blocking filter, which isolates a specific range of wavelengths. As a result, the length of the trace of the first order spectrum on the detector is reduced, which lessens the degree of overlapping and blending in crowded fields. 

Table 2 summarizes these characteristics:

  • the bandpasses associated with the available blocking filters and their wavelength range;
  • the length of the spectral trace in pixels on the detector; and
  • the relative offset in pixels between the direct image of the source and the beginning of its spectral trace (assuming there have been no intervening motions of the observatory).

This information is presented graphically in Figure 6, which shows the extent and offsets associated with multiple orders of the GR150C grism when observed through different blocking filters. 


Table 2. Length and location of the first order spectra produced by the GR150 grisms

Blocking filter

Central wavelength (μm)

Bandpass(μm)

Extent of 1st order (pixels)

Offset from direct image (pixels)

F090W

0.901

0.796-1.005

50

−56

F115W

1.148

1.013-1.283

60

−6

F140M

1.406

1.331-1.480

40

60

F150W

1.501

1.330-1.671

80

55

F158M

1.588

1.488-1.688

60

90

F200W

1.989

1.751-2.226

120

147


Defined by the 50% transmission points of the blocking filter.



Figure 6.  Spectral traces of GR150C grism with different blocking filters

Layout of GR150C orders

Montage of spectral traces of the GR150C grating showing the extent of different orders and their offset from the position of the 0th order and the direct image (top panel) when observed through different blocking filters. These images cover the full width of the detector, and were extracted from exposures of a bright continuum source that were obtained during ISIM testing at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The images for different filters have been coarsely aligned on the 0th order. The various orders of diffraction are indicated in the panels for the F090W and F200W filters. However, since the duration of the exposures were different for each filter, the relative throughput of the GR150C + filter combinations is not directly comparable.

Figure 6 shows the layout of spectroscopic orders of the GR150C grism for a source that is located near the center of the detector. Since the trace of the first order (m = +1) spectrum is offset from the position of its source, spectra of objects close to the edge of the detector will not be captured. How close the source must be depends on the blocking filter. For example, if the source indicated in Figure 6 was located at x-pixel location of 100, the first order spectrum through the F090W filter would be detected, while the first order spectrum through the F200W filter would not be recorded. As a result, there is a region along one side of the field of view of the detector where spectra will not be recorded, which means that the "effective" field of view for wide field slitless spectroscopy is slightly smaller than the imaging field of view. The maximum width of this exclusion zone is ~170 pixels for the F200W filter.



Ghosts

Out-of-focus "ghost"  images produced by multiple reflections within the optical trains of NIRISS have been detected in deep exposures of bright sources obtained during ground test campaigns. The "double stack" filters, which are composed of 2 optical elements, are especially prone to multiple internal reflections. Figures 7 and 8  show the families of ghosts that have been identified in deep exposures that combine double stack filters with the GR150C and GR150R grism, respectively. The strengths of the ghosts associated with the 0th and 1st (m = +1) orders are indicated as a fraction of the flux contained in the parent order. In general, the flux in the ghost image is less than 1% of flux in the parent order, which suggests that ghosts will only be detectable for the brightest sources in a typical exposure. The locations and strengths of the ghosts associated with a particular bright source can be predicted reliably.

Figure 7. Ghosts associated with the 0th and 1st order spectra produced by the GR150R grism

NIRISS GR150C ghosts

These images show the location and approximate strength of ghost features obtained with the GR150R grism in combination with the double stack filters (from left to right) F090W, F115W, F150W, and F200W. The total flux in the ghost image is expressed as a fraction of the flux in the parent spectral order (0th order at the bottom of the image, 1st order toward the top).
Figure 8. Ghosts associated with the 0th and 1st order spectra produced by the GR150C grism

NIRISS GR150R ghosts

Click on the figure for a larger view.

The location and approximate strength of ghost images obtained with the GR150C grism in combination with the double stack filters (from top to bottom) F090W, F115W, F150W, and F200W. Total flux in the ghost image is expressed as a fraction of the flux in the parent spectral order (0th order on the left, 1st order on the right).


References 

Pacifici, C. 2022 JWST-STScI-008296
NIRISS Commissioning Results: NIS-016 GR150C and GR150R Grism Wavelength Calibration (NGAS CAR 700, APT 1090)




Notable updates
  •  
    Updated to plot the Photon-to-electron conversion efficiency rather than the grism only throughputs. Also provided data files for the PCE curves.

  •  
    Updated conflicting info about the wavelength dispersion.

  •  
    Updated grism throughput curves and trace angles measured from in-flight data.


  • Added measured dispersion solution from commissioning data

  •  
    Included resolution element for GR150 grism in Table 1
Originally published