Select NIRISS SOSS Calculation

See also: JWST ETC Creating a New Calculation, JWST Time-Series Observations, JWST Time-Series Observations Noise Sources, NIRISS SOSS Known Issues

After selecting SOSS from the NIRISS pull-down menu in the Calculation tab (Calculation #1), specify the background parameters. Since the JWST Background is position-dependent, fully specifying background parameters is important. Enter the coordinates for WASP-39 (14:29:18.40 -03:26:40.20) in the Background tab, and select Medium for Background configuration, which corresponds to the 50th percentile of the sky background. Note that the background for a specific date can be entered, so based on the exoplanet's transit period and when these windows are visible by JWST, these dates can be entered into ETC to assess the effects the background would have on the transit precision depth.

It is important to also note that the ETC currently does not reproduce the exact background shape seen in the SOSS mode, which has an abrupt flux increase near column 700 in the SUBSTRIP256 and SUBSTRIP96 subarrays, impacting wavelengths smaller than about 2 µm much more strongly.

---

Select instrument parameters

See also: JWST Time-Series Observations TSO Saturation, NIRISS SOSS Recommended Strategies, NIRISS Detector Subarrays, NIRISS Detector Readout Patterns, Understanding Exposure Times

Specify JWST exposures by number of groups and number of integrations. You want to observe a balanced number of groups per integration to maximize both temporal resolution and spectral precision. Previous experience has led the community to sample up the ramp until reaching half the saturation limit. In the context of number of groups for JWST, you will derive the number of groups corresponding to the onset of saturation (N_Groups sat) from the Exposure Time Calculator, and choose the number of groups per integration to be N_Groups sat/2 (rounding up). You will then choose the number of integrations that fully covers the full transit window.Calculation #1 represents the initial calculation to determine N_{Groups sat}, where the following parameters are set:

• Instrument Setup tab - there is only one option in the pull-down menu in the Instrument Setup tab, which is the GR700XD (cross-dispersed) grism. Choose the CLEAR filter.
• Detector Setup tab -
  • subarray is set to SUBSTRIP256;
  • choose the NISRAPID readout pattern.
  • number of Groups per integration is set to 8, and the number of Integrations per exposure and number of Total Dithers are kept at the default values of 1.
• Strategy tab - keep the Order for spectral extraction at its default value of 1 and leave the Wavelength of Interest to its default value of 1.575 μm.

After selecting the Calculate button to perform the calculation with these parameters, you will see that the observation does not suffer from saturation, i.e., there is a green check mark next to Calculation 1 in the Calculations tab and no warnings or errors are reported in the Reports pane. This pane also reports that the number of groups prior to saturation (N_{Groups sat} - 1) as 15. The reported SNR per pixel is ~413. 

---

Adjust exposure parameters to obtain desired signal-to-noise ratio

See also: JWST ETC Batch Expansions, JWST ETC Reports

As noted above, the Reports pane shows that the onset of saturation occurs at N_{Groups sat} = 16. The optimal number of groups per integration ramp (N_{Groups sat}/2) is 8. The default calculation (Calculation #1) has this number of groups, where as reported above, the SNR per pixel is ~413. From inputting 8 Groups into the Astronomer's Proposal Tool, with the NISRAPID Readout Pattern and SUBSTRIP256 Subarray, you will find that 1 integration corresponds to 49.466 s.

Determining number of integrations

The plan is to observe WASP-39b for enough time to allow for sufficient detector settling time (currently estimated to be ~30 minutes; see JWST Time-Series Observations Noise Sources). Also allow for some margin if the observations do not start exactly when expected or if the eclipse occurs at a slightly different time than predicted.Use the dwell time (T_dwell) to calculate this exposure time: T_dwell ~ 0.75 hr + MAX(1 hr, T₁₄/2)(before transit) + T₁₄ (transit) + MAX(1 hr, T₁₄/2)(after transit) + 1 hr (timing window), where T₁₄ is the transit duration.For WASP-39b, T₁₄ is 2.803 hours, giving a total exposure time of 7.356 hours. Since each integration ramp for the set-up is 49.466 s, you thus need 535 Integrations/Exp to cover T_dwell.

Interpreting SNR results

See also: JWST ETC Residual Flat Field Errors 

The scientific measurement for an exoplanet transit is the "transit depth", which is a temporal measurement. The spectroscopic result is, therefore, a relative comparison between a contiguous sequence of time-series measurements, i.e., transit depth over wavelength. It is equivalent to measuring variations in the stellar spectrum over time.

The goal in this example is to achieve a relative precision better than ~100 parts per million (ppm) on the transit depth per "spectral bin" or "channel," after subtracting the primary transit from the out-of-transit data. Atmospheric models predict that this should provide a useful signal to noise on the exoplanet atmospheric spectroscopic signal (~100–250 ppm). A "spectral bin" or "channel" is a set of pixels across the spectrum that you will combine ("bin") to maximize the temporal precision per spectroscopic channel, without losing the spectral features you are interested in measuring. For the case of WASP-39b, in particular, a spectral bin of 10 pixels (which decreases the NIRISS SOSS resolution from ~700 to ~70), would be enough to resolve the predicted spectral features in the atmosphere of this planet. 

If you assume a box-shaped transit, the transit depth precision (Precision_depth) can be approximated by:

$$//<![CDATA[ \begin{array}{l}\displaystyle Precision_{depth} \sim Precision_{point} \times \sqrt{1/N_{out} + 1/N_{in}} = \sqrt{1/N_{out} + 1/N_{in}}/SNR_{point}\end{array} //]]>$$

where Precision_point is the photometric precision per data point, N_out is the number of data points (integrations) out-of-transit, N_in is the number of data points (integrations) in-transit, and SNR_point is the SNR in one integration.

The time spent out-of-transit is 4.553 hours and the time spent in-transit is 2.803 hours. For this example science program and this observational setup (N_Groups = 8, NISRAPID readout, and SUBSTRIP256 subarray), these times correspond to  N_out = 331 integrations and N_in = 204 integrations. From the ETC, you would have found SNR_point = 413 , such that Precision_depth is ~ 0.000215 = 215 ppm, prior to binning. When binning by a factor of 10, our Precision_depth lowers by a factor of √10, such that you achieve a precision of 68 ppm.

Note that the ETC includes an error term for residual flat field errors which affects long exposures. For exposures longer than ~10,000 s, ETC calculations have a "noise floor" above which an increase in exposure time no longer results in an increase in SNR that scales with the square root of the exposure time. Since you are making relative measurements on the same pixels for exoplanet transit spectroscopy, the precision is not affected by the "noise floor" imposed by the residual flat field errors. 

Note also that the ETC does not fully account for systematic errors that affect the real spectrophotometric precision.

---

Target acquisition

See also: NIRISS Target Acquisition, JWST ETC NIRISS Target Acquisition

A target acquisition (TA) must be performed when using a SOSS subarray so that the target is precisely positioned on the detector. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ≥ 30 is recommended to achieve a successful TA, which achieves a centroid accuracy of ≤ 0.15 pixel. Increasing the SNR to 100 improves the centroiding accuracy up to ≤ 0.05 pixel. If the TA fails, the observation will not be performed. Only one integration and one exposure is allowed for a TA. The acquisition mode is either SOSSFAINT (for objects between 6.0 ≤ M ≤ 14.4, Vega mag) or SOSSBRIGHT (for objects between 2.9 ≤ M ≤ 6.0, Vega mag).

Calculation #2, where Target Acquisition was selected under the NIRISS pull-down menu, shows an initial calculation to determine which parameters to specify for TA:

• Backgrounds tab - enter the coordinates for WASP-39 (14:29:18.40 -03:26:40.20) and select Medium for Background configuration;
• Instrument Setup tab - keep the default selection of SOSS or AMI Faint for Acq Mode since the target is fainter than M > 6.1 (Vega);
• Detector Setup tab - there are no options for the Subarray, Integrations and Exposures parameters other than the default values. The number of Groups was maximized to a value of 19 and the Readout Pattern to NISRAPID;
• Strategy tab- the only permissible option for Target Acquisition is Aperture centered on source, which for this case is the science target WASP-39.

You will see that with this setup, there is no saturation in the TA and you will achieve a SNR of ~200, which ensures the TA will succeed.

---