Select NIRISS SOSS Calculation

See also: JWST ETC Creating a New Calculation, JWST Time-Series Observations, JWST Time-Series Observations Noise Sources

After selecting SOSS from the NIRISS pull-down menu in the Calculation tab (Calculation #1), we specified the background parameters. Since the JWST Background is position dependent, fully specifying background parameters are important. We entered the coordinates for HAT-P-1 (22:57:46.84 +38:40:30.33) in the Background tab, and selected Medium for Background configuration, which corresponds to the 50th percentile of the sky background. Note that the background for a specific date can be entered, so based on the exoplanet's transit period and when these windows are visible by JWST, these dates can be entered into ETC to assess the effects the background would have on the transit precision depth.

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Select instrument parameters

See also: JWST Time-Series Observations TSO Saturation, NIRISS SOSS Recommended Strategies, NIRISS Detector Subarrays, NIRISS Detector Readout Patterns, Understanding Exposure TimesWe specify JWST exposures by number of groups and number of integrations. We want to observe a balanced number of groups per integration to maximize both temporal resolution and spectral precision. Previous experience has led the community to sample up the ramp until we reach half the saturation limit. In the context of number of groups for JWST, we will derive the number of groups corresponding to the onset of saturation (N_Groups sat) from the Exposure Time Calculator, and choose the number of groups per integration to be N_Groups sat/2 (rounding up). We will then choose the number of integrations that fully covers the full transit window.

Calculation #1 represents our initial calculation to determine N_{Groups sat}, where we set the following parameters:

• Instrument Setup tab - there is only one option in the pull-down menu in the Instrument Setup tab, which is the GR700XD (cross-dispersed) grism.
• Detector Setup tab -
  • subarray is set to SUBSTRIP256;
  • we chose the NISRAPID readout pattern.
  • number of Groups per integration was set to 2, the minimum value permitted by the ETC, and the number of Integrations per exposure and number of Exposures per specification were kept at the default values of 1.
• Strategy tab - we kept the Order for spectral extraction at its default value of 1 and left the Wavelength of Interest to its default value of 1.575 μm.

After selecting the Calculate button to perform the calculation with these parameters, we see that the observation does not suffer from saturation, i.e., there is a green checkmark next to Calculation 1 in the Calculations tab and no warnings or errors are reported in the Reports pane. This pane also reports that the number of groups prior to saturation (N_{Groups sat} - 1) as 4. The reported SNR per pixel is ~294. 

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Adjust exposure parameters to obtain desired signal-to-noise ratio

See also: JWST ETC Batch Expansions, JWST ETC Reports

As noted above, the Reports pane tells us that the onset of saturation thus occurs at N_{Groups sat} = 5. Our optimal number of groups per integration ramp (N_{Groups sat}/2, rounding up) is 3. We create a calculation with this number of groups, and find that the SNR per pixel of ~424 (Calculation #2). From inputting 3 Groups into the Astronomer's Proposal Tool, with the NISRAPID Readout Pattern and SUBSTRIP256 Subarray, we find that 1 integration corresponds to 21.996 s.

Determining number of integrations

We plan to observe HAT-P-1 for enough time to allow for sufficient detector settling time (currently estimated to be ~30 minutes; see JWST Time-Series Observations Noise Sources). We also allow for some margin if the observations do not start exactly when expected or if the eclipse occurs at a slightly different time than predicted.We use the dwell time (T_dwell) to calculate this exposure time: T_dwell ~ 0.75 hr + MAX(1 hr, T₁₄/2)(before transit) + T₁₄ (eclipse) + MAX(1 hr, T₁₄/2)(after transit) + 1 hr (timing window), where T₁₄ is the transit duration.For HAT-P-1, T₁₄ is 2.784 hours, giving us a total exposure time of 7.318 hours. Since each integration ramp for our set-up is 21.996 s, we thus need 1,198 integrations to cover T_dwell.

Interpreting SNR results

See also: JWST ETC Residual Flat Field Errors 

The scientific measurement for an exoplanet transit is the "transit depth", which is a temporal measurement.  The spectroscopic result is therefore a relative comparison between a contiguous sequence of time-series measurements, i.e., transit depth over wavelength. It is equivalent to measuring variations in the stellar spectrum over time.

Our goal in this example is to achieve a relative precision of <50 parts per million (ppm) on the transit depth per "spectral bin" or "channel," after subtracting the primary transit from the out-of-transit data. Atmospheric models predict that this should provide a useful signal-to-noise on the exoplanet atmospheric spectroscopic signal (~100–250 ppm). A "spectral bin" or "channel" is a set of pixels across the spectrum that we will combine ("bin") to maximize the temporal precision per spectroscopic channel, without losing the spectral features in which we are interested in measuring. For the case of HAT-P-1, in particular, a spectral bin of 10 pixels (which decreases the NIRISS SOSS resolution from ~700 to ~70), would be enough to resolve the predicted spectral features in the atmosphere of this planet. 

If we assume a box-shaped transit, the transit depth precision (Precision_depth) can be approximated by:

$$//<![CDATA[ \begin{array}{l}\displaystyle Precision_{depth} \sim Precision_{point} \times \sqrt{1/N_{out} + 1/N_{in}} = \sqrt{1/N_{out} + 1/N_{in}}/SNR_{point}\end{array} //]]>$$

where Precision_point is the photometric precision per data point, N_out is the number of datapoints (integrations) out-of-transit, N_in is the number of datapoints (integrations) in-transit, and SNR_point is the SNR in one integration.

The time spent out-of-transit is 4.534 hours and the time spent in-transit is 2.784 hours. For our example science program and this observational setup (N_Groups = 3, NISRAPID readout, and SUBSTRIP256 subarray), these times correspond to  N_out = 742 integrations and N_in = 456 integrations. From the ETC, we found SNR_point = 424 , such that Precision_depth is ~ 0.000140 = 140 ppm, prior to binning. When binning by a factor of 10, our Precision_depth lowers by a factor of √10, such that we achieve a precision of 44 ppm.

Note that the ETC includes an error term for residual flat field errors which affects long exposures. For exposures longer than ~10,000 s, ETC calculations have a "noise floor" above which an increase in exposure time no longer results in an increase in SNR that scales with the square root of the exposure time. Since we are making relative measurements on the same pixels for exoplanet transit spectroscopy, our precision is not affected by the "noise floor" imposed by the residual flat field errors. 

Note also that the ETC does not fully account for systematic errors that affect the real spectrophotometric precision.

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Target acquisition

See also: NIRISS Target Acquisition, JWST ETC NIRISS Target Acquisition

A target acquisition (TA) must be performed when using a SOSS subarray so that the target is precisely positioned on the detector. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ≥ 30 is recommended to achieve a successful TA, which achieves a centroid accuracy of ≤ 0.15 pixel. Increasing the SNR to 100 improves the centroiding accuracy up to ≤ 0.05 pixel. If the TA fails, the observation will not be performed. Only one integration and one exposure is allowed for a TA. The acquisition mode is either SOSSFAINT (for objects between 6.0 ≤ M ≤ 14.4, Vega mag) or SOSSBRIGHT (for objects between 2.9 ≤ M ≤ 6.0, Vega mag).

Calculation #3, where we selected Target Acquisition under the NIRISS pull-down menu, shows our initial calculation to determine which parameters to specify for TA:

• Backgrounds tab - we entered the coordinates for HAT-P-1 (22:57:46.84 +38:40:30.33) and selected Medium for Background configuration;
• Instrument Setup tab - we kept the default selection of SOSS or AMI Faint for Acq Mode since the target is fainter than M > 6.1 (Vega);
• Detector Setup tab - there are no options for the Subarray, Integrations and Exposures parameters other than the default values. We left the number of Groups to the starting value of 3 and the Readout Pattern to NISRAPID;
• Strategy tab- the only permissible option for Target Acquisition is Aperture centered on source, which for our case is the science target HAT-P-1.

We see that with this set up, we achieve a SNR ~118, which ensures the TA will succeed.

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